Michael Walsh

"The Potential of Biogenic CO2 Capture and Utilization from Biomethanation Plants" Biomethanation plants offer a promising solution for renewable energy production, converting organic waste into biogas (CH4 and CO2). However, the biogenic CO2 generated as a byproduct can contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. Recent advancements in carbon capture and utilization (CCU) technologies have made it possible to capture and convert biogenic CO2 into valuable products. Benefits of Biogenic CO2 Capture and Utilization 1. Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Capture and utilization of biogenic CO2 can reduce emissions by up to 90%. 2. New Revenue Streams: Create new products from captured CO2, generating additional revenue for biomethanation plants. 3. Enhanced Sustainability: Integrate CCU technologies to enhance the overall sustainability of biomethanation plants. Potential Products from Biogenic CO2 1. Bio-based Chemicals and Fuels: Convert CO2 into chemicals, fuels, and building blocks for various industries. 2. Building Materials and Concrete: Utilize CO2 in concrete production, reducing cement usage and emissions. 3. Algae-based Animal Feed and Nutritional Supplements: Grow algae using captured CO2, producing nutritious feed and supplements. 4. Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Agents: Use CO2 for EOR, increasing oil extraction efficiency. 5. Carbonated Beverages and Water Treatment: Apply CO2 in beverage production and water treatment processes. Challenges and Future Directions 1. Scalability and Cost-effectiveness: Develop scalable and cost-effective CCU technologies for biomethanation plants. 2. Integration and Optimization: Integrate CCU technologies with existing biomethanation infrastructure, optimizing performance. 3. Market Development : Establish markets for CO2-based products, ensuring a stable revenue stream. Let's Collaborate! Share your expertise, research, and experiences in biogenic CO2 capture and utilization from biomethanation plants. Together, we can unlock the full potential of this technology and contribute to a more sustainable future! #biogenicCO2 #CCU #biomethanation #renewableenergy #sustainability Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur SSS NIBE CSIR India

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Soil carbon plays a critical role in mitigating climate change; unfortunately, with the length and complexity of the carbon protocols, understanding how to measure and calculate carbon stocks can seem overwhelming, especially to the general audience. As such, I've decided to provide some information on the topic, a 3-part blog series to guide you through some of the essentials of soil carbon stocks. The first post offers a general primer designed for anyone curious about how carbon is stored and measured in soil. 3 Takeaways: 🤷‍♂️ What are soil carbon stocks? Understanding the basics of soil carbon and its significance in agriculture and environmental management is the first step to making a difference. 🌾 Why carbon stocks matter: Soil health, crop productivity, and climate mitigation are deeply connected to the levels of carbon stored in soils. 📏 How to measure carbon stocks: From bulk density methods to carbon fraction analysis, there are practical ways to determine soil carbon levels, setting the stage for participation in carbon programs like Verra or BCarbon. Curious to learn more? Please check out the first post here, and don’t forget—each blog in this series contains a link at the end to the next post, so you can follow this one through parts 2 and 3. These latter series go into much more detail regarding sampling, testing, and calculating. I hope you find the information useful! #soilhealth #soilcarbon #soiltesting #organiccarbon #soilscience #carbonsequestration #whyward

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AGU2024 meeting: all things CDR welcome at this exciting-looking session. Abstract due in 5 days! GC040 - Carbon Dioxide Removal at scale: Science, technology, policy, and market Invited speakers: Rory Jacobson, DOE/Fossil Energy and Carbon Management Office Jay Fuhrman, Pacific Northwest National Lab Submit an Abstract to this Session (abstract deadline Wednesday, July 31, 2024; AGU meeting 2024, Dec. 9-13, Washington DC) To meet the Paris climate goals, CO2 will need to be removed from the atmosphere at rates of up to 10GtCO2/y. The nascent field of Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) encompasses nature-based, technological, or hybrid solutions. For example, utilizing and storing biomass or modifying ocean alkalinity can lead to increase in carbon sinks. Some traditional natural solutions are limited by land availability and risk of reversal, i.e., a ???durability problem???. But some methods are more reliable than others. Technology-based solutions hold promise, but are slow at scale-up to climate relevant volumes. Also needed are hybrid technology-enhanced natural solutions, involving major management interventions.?? This session solicits contributions on everything CDR, including 1) new scientific and technical advancement, 2)?? monitoring, verification, and reporting (MRV), 3) critical assessment and synthesis of CDR technologies, 4) impact of large-scale CDR deployment on the Earth system and society, and 5) policy and market implications. Primary Convener Ning Zeng University of Maryland College Park Conveners Jessica N Cross Pacific Northwest National Laboratory David John Beerling University of Sheffield Matthew Eisaman Yale University

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Methane Emissions Research Summary No.50: Using Measurement-Informed Inventory to Assess Emissions in the Denver-Julesburg Basin [Arthur Santosa, Winrose Mollel, Jerry Duggan, Anna Hodshire, Prajay Vora, Daniel Zimmerle] The study highlights a relevant oversight in O&G inventories: none of them include realistic representation of emissions from upset conditions. Inventories are likely underestimating total emissions, as an additional 16.4% of total emissions from abnormal events is estimated for the Denver-Julesburg (DJ) basin. Improved detection and characterization through advanced monitoring technologies, such as aerial/ground surveys, LDAR programs and continuous emissions measurement systems, are critical to addressing the gap between existing GHG inventories and measurement-informed inventories (MIIs). This paper proposes a methodology to identify and characterize failure events with site-specific information, thereby enhancing the accuracy of inventory programs through MIIs. This study incorporates measured emissions from failure events conducted by Carbon Mapper (CM) in the simulations that utilize the Mechanistic Air Emissions Simulator (MAES) to derive a multiplier that rectifies for potential omissions of emissions from abnormal conditions within the oil and gas (O&G) sector. The proposed method includes five steps: (a) inventory matching - MAES modeling and matching to replicated reported emissions, (b) emissions surveys and classification - classifying emission event into reported and unreported sources, (c) maintenance emissions modeling - integrating operator maintenance data, (d) MII – updating MAES model and reported emissions to account for unreported sources, and (e) calculating annual inventories. Integrating and comparing aerial/ground measurements with inventories must be executed thoughtfully, considering that measurements are typically intermittent and instantaneous while inventories are incomplete and built with average emissions over an annual time frames. In this study, the probability for failure relies on CM’s detection limit which resides between 50-150 kg/hr. In other words, the value of 16.4% likely represents a lower bound, as CM’s technology, with its high detection limit, may fail to capture smaller failure emission events that could go unreported. The number of events below that threshold is unknown and may have a significant impact in the total emissions. Using alternative solutions with a lower detection limit may improve emissions estimates. A well-planned campaign is crucial, as it ensures the accurate characterization of the likelihood, size, and duration of abnormal events through comprehensive ground and aerial surveys. Surveys should be designed to adequately characterize abnormal emissions so they could be integrated with annual inventory data using spatially and temporal bottom-up inventories with fine time-resolution, such as MAES. #methaneemissions #GHGRP #CDPHE #METEC #GHG #MII #measurement

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Check the EPA’s Environmental Justice GIS system. Another great example of GIS for sustainability and resilience! There are a bunch of different layers you can toggle between, and they just added a drinking water quality layer. You can also search for your community (in the US) and get a report with most of the indicators, many of which show a comparison to state and national averages. Use this tool to learn about your community and to advocate for positive local change! Would love to see examples like this for other countries if y’all know of any :)

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🔦 This week’s carbon dioxide removal (#CDR) supplier spotlight: Vesta 🌊 Today, I am featuring Vesta, PBC (formerly Project Vesta), a carbon dioxide removal company making strides in quantifying the rate of carbon sequestration, the monitoring, reporting and verification (#MRV), and the ecological effects of Coastal Carbon Capture! How does Vesta operate? 🌋 Vesta applies olivine, a readily available green volcanic material, near coastlines. When applied coastally, it can be integrated into coastal nourishment or restoration projects and contribute to adaptation and resilience. Vesta has just announced the deployment of a second US-based pilot project in Duck, NC. 🌎 Their first field site, in Southampton, NY, has used olivine as part of a beach restoration project. The olivine made up 5% of the total volume (500 cubic yards). The field site in Duck was placed approximately 7.5 metres off the beach in 4.5 metres water depth. 👬 Vesta’s Duck project is being monitored by a fully independent third party. They have a long track record of community engagement with the people and places affected by rising sea levels and other climate impacts. What is Vesta’s carbon removal strategy? 🪨 Coastal enhanced weathering with olivine enhances mineral weathering which naturally takes place to recycle carbon dioxide across geological time scales. CO2 captured in rainwater dissolves olivine, producing bicarbonate, and calcium ions, and providing long-term carbon storage. 🏖 Vesta has a path to scale because of the ability to integrate with coastal and beach protection efforts where sand sources are increasingly scarce and expensive. Coastal protection is a multi-billion dollar worldwide industry. 📢 What do you think about coastal carbon capture with olivine? It’s great to see more developments deriving co-benefits! 👏 Shoutout to Zach Cockrum, and the rest of the Vesta team. #carbonremoval #climatechange #climatejustice #netzero #negativeemissions #climatepolicy

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Methane Emissions Research Summary No.32: Estimating Total Methane Emissions from the Denver-Julesburg Basin Using Bottom-Up Approaches [Stuart Riddick, Mercy Mbua, Abhinav Anand, Elijah Kiplimo, Arthur Santos, Aashish Upreti, Daniel Zimmerle] Main Takeaways: Methane emission estimates derived using 3 bottom-up approaches (Tier 1/2 IPCC, EPA EFs, and measurement-informed EFs) from all sources within the Denver-Julesburg basin, CO, USA in 2022 are presented. Findings are in contrast to similar studies in other regions, where regional estimates based on the IPCC and EPA emission factors were both lower than the measurement-informed EF-based estimates. This study suggests that state regulations could have reduced emissions by a factor of 20, but contemporary regional measurements should be made to ensure these bottom-up calculations are realistic and to ensure that the long-tail emission distribution has been captured by the modeling. Emission source inventories in bottom-up emission approaches may be incomplete, (i.e., the activity data are wrong) or the emission factors may be incorrect. These shortcomings can lead to systematic underestimations. On the other hand, top-down approaches for methane measurement (i.e. aircraft-based platforms and satellite methane observations) survey emissions for a finite period of time, and typically during the day. So, measurements are potentially conducted at the same time as peak human activity at the site, i.e., maintenance, cleaning, or bulldozing, which is likely to result in observing higher than normal emissions. So, relying on only daytime top-down measurements may result in overestimation of total emissions. Measurement-informed inventory was developed using CSU’s MAES (Mechanistic Air Emissions Simulator), which uses a stochastic model to quantify temporally resolved probabilistic emissions from oil and gas production and midstream sites. MAES considers the wellhead gas composition, which varies within and across basins, to estimate emissions. It also incorporates emissions from upset conditions. Long simulations can be conducted to capture low-probability events such as operational failures, thereby representing emissions from the typical long-tail distribution. This study suggests that emissions generated from all three methods are lower than historical measurements. A Tier 1/2 approach using IPCC emission factors estimated 2022 methane emissions of 358 Gg (0.8% of produced methane lost by the energy sector), while a Tier 3 EPA-based approach estimated emissions of 269 Gg (0.2%). Using emission factors informed by contemporary and region-specific measurement studies, emissions of 212 Gg (0.2%) were calculated. Note that the estimates using MAES could underestimate emissions if the long-tail distribution is not appropriately represented in the model, and this can only be accounted for using direct measurements. #methaneemission #GHGRP #GHGI #IPCC #METEC #climate #oilandgas #energy #GHG

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Next-Generation Desalination Membranes Empowered by Novel Materials: Where Are We Now? An insightful piece on the technological advancements in membrane desalination over the years; extremely pertinent for those of us exploring beneficial reuse in the #Permian Jerri Pohl New Mexico Produced Water Research Consortium Shane Walker Texas Produced Water Consortium Steve Coffee Ben Samuels Produced Water Solutions Michael Dyson Whitney Dobson Ashley Kegley-Whitehead Jordan Kramer Chris Caudill Infinity Water Solutions Kevin Schug Ramón Antonio Sánchez Rosario Steven Walden #water #energy #environment "Membrane desalination is an economical and energy-efficient method to meet the current worldwide water scarcity. However, state-of-the-art reverse osmosis membranes are gradually being replaced by novel membrane materials as a result of ongoing technological advancements. These novel materials possess intrinsic pore structures or can be assembled to form lamellar membrane channels for selective transport of water or solutes (e.g., NaCl). Still, in real applications, the results fall below the theoretical predictions, and a few properties, including large-scale fabrication, mechanical strength, and chemical stability, also have an impact on the overall effectiveness of those materials. In view of this, we develop a new evaluation framework in the form of radar charts with five dimensions (i.e., water permeance, water/NaCl selectivity, membrane cost, scale of development, and stability) to assess the advantages, disadvantages, and potential of state-of-the-art and newly developed desalination membranes. In this framework, the reported thin film nanocomposite membranes and membranes developed from novel materials were compared with the state-of-the-art thin film composite membranes. This review will demonstrate the current advancements in novel membrane materials and bridge the gap between different desalination membranes. In this review, we also point out the prospects and challenges of next-generation membranes for desalination applications. We believe that this comprehensive framework may be used as a future reference for designing next-generation desalination membranes and will encourage further research and development in the field of membrane technology, leading to new insights and advancements." https://lnkd.in/ghwH63ev

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📣 Frontier is opening applications for its 2024 purchase cycle 📣 🚀 Frontier - a $1b advanced market commitment to scale carbon dioxide removal (#CDR) - just announced that they are accepting applications for their fourth prepurchase programme to receive $500k each. 💸 Frontier now has a total of 24 carbon removal projects in its portfolio deploying across 14 countries and 17 different approaches to carbon removal, from enhanced weathering to direct air capture, biomass burial and synthetic biology. The team is looking for permanent carbon removal solutions that have the potential to be low-cost and high-volume in the future, even if they’re not today. More specifically, they are looking for four key criteria: 🌳 Deliver real economic and ecosystem benefits across communities, alongside removal. 🏭 Leverage existing industrial assets or processes to scale carbon removal quickly and at lower costs. 🌏 Are located in APAC, the Middle East, Africa and Latin America, given the huge untapped potential for CDR in these regions. 💰 Projects that can offer lower prices through additional revenue sources 🚨 Deadline to apply is May 28th - don’t miss out: this opportunity comes round only once a year. See here to explore this further and submit your application: https://lnkd.in/dWD_drKh   📅 They are also hosting two office hours if you want to find out at 12 pm EDT on May 16 or May 24. Register here: https://lnkd.in/e9DGr6PQ 🙌 Big shout out to the wonderful team driving this Nan Ransohoff, Frauke Kracke, Florian Maganza, Jane Flegal, Joanna Klitzke, Zeke Hausfather, Stacy Kauk, P.Eng. #carbonremoval #carbonmarkets

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WE'RE BRINGING WATER TO DC STARTUP & TECH WEEK! Water Entrepreneurship: Pathways to Profit and Impact While Pursuing Your Passion in a $700B Industry Water Entrepreneurship encompasses a wide arrange of solutions to water challenges in many markets including water and wastewater utilities, other water agencies and companies, various high water use/high water impact industries and commercial uses, residential and direct-to-consumer for water supply, treatment, resource management, hydropower, aquatic habitat and ecosystems, hurricanes and floods and other water-related disasters, and even water-related tourism and recreation! Since water is so essential to public health, the environment, the economy and quality of life, water-related activities are often regulated, with Water Startups often needing to understand Government Regulations, Government Technical Resources and and Government Funding and other incentives that often drive both public and private client purchasing decisions and processes. With increasing funding and recognition of Water as an important part of both Climate Impacts and contributions to Climate Change, as more and more funders, investors, and accelerators or other Entrepreneur Support Programs, this is an exciting time to enter Water Entrepreneurship! This session will explore the many types of Water Entrepreneurship, many options for grant funding, investment and other support for Water Entrepreneurs, and ways of making money while also making a diference! This is a two-part program beginning at 1:50pm with a presentation by Danny Wright, Founder/CEO of Gravity Water, who has developed an innovative approach to growing his impact with a for-profit/non-profit hybrid appraoch, followed by a Panel Discussion at 2:25pm led by Dr. Cat Shrier, Ph.D., P.G., WaterCitizen.Org, with Jennie Graham, Burnt Island Ventures; Ian Fisk, Mentor Capital Network; Danny Wright, Gravity Water, Thad Payton, The Gaia Box; and Susan Springsteen, H2O Connected LLC. Please also join us at the end of DC Startup & Tech Week (Formerly DC Startup Week) Climate Day at The Water Bar!

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Labeling credits for integrity is a helpful step, but it is not enough to make sure that credits are truly high quality. Read more, with the example of landfill gas.

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Ben Wernette, Ph.D., delivered the keynote address at The University of Georgia's Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Summit yesterday, highlighting the Board's carbon management project portfolio and providing his thoughts on the future of carbon capture technology (meeting participants pictured below)!   Presented by the University's Department of Geology, SSEB, and our friends at Georgia Power Company and Southern Company, the two-day event focuses on the critical role of CCS research and innovation in achieving energy independence and advancing environmental stewardship across the nation.

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Coupling lithium (and other precious metals) extraction with desalination is an efficient approach in my opinion. New research with forward osmosis membrane technology shows promise for those folks like Jay Keener Dr. Brian Mueller and Bonnie Milne-Andrews who are looking to extract maximum value from lithium-rich brines. Produced Water Society New Mexico Produced Water Research Consortium Texas Produced Water Consortium Jerri Pohl Infinity Water Solutions #lithium #mining #energy #water #environment "The prepared membrane also has excellent performance in lithium concentration applications, and its separation mechanism was explored by MD simulations." https://lnkd.in/gfuCqhTb

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The latest sentiments in New Mexico regarding the future of produced water manangement: Lienemann explained that the draft rules include “safeguards to test and develop new treatments for produced water” and “encourage closed-loop use of treated, produced water for purposes such as solar manufacturing or renewable hydrogen generation, as long as not a drop of that produced water is released to the ground.” Jerri Pohl Mike Hightower Pei Xu New Mexico Produced Water Research Consortium Texas Produced Water Consortium Produced Water Society Infinity Water Solutions #water #energy #environment #mining #reuse https://lnkd.in/dqVbMG7t

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Today, the ICPRB Section for Cooperative Water Supply Operations reinitiated daily drought monitoring due to low flows in the Potomac River. You can view our daily reports here https://lnkd.in/eTVKHRk4 or feel free to reach out to me for email updates. Droughts are relatively infrequent in the Potomac River Basin, but their impacts can be profound. Recently, ICPRB released a report revealing the staggering economic costs of potential water supply disruptions in our region. In the event of a major interruption, losses could reach $6.5 billion in just two weeks. If you haven't yet, catch highlights from our press conference here https://lnkd.in/ej_wWWXz . Read the full report here https://lnkd.in/eqhfNAc4 , or check out the Washington Post's coverage of this critical issue. https://lnkd.in/e6CSYb7A

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❗Funding for early stage carbon dioxide removal (#CDR) startups❗ 🔊 Milkywire’s latest Call for Proposals is live, inviting early-stage CDR suppliers to step forward and drive innovation. 🤔 What makes this call unique? Alongside Frontier, it’s one of the only initiatives specifically designed to support very early-stage CDR suppliers. It’s about more than purchases, it’s about expanding the ecosystem, sparking innovation, and ensuring no promising solution is left behind. By the numbers: ✅ 230 submissions were received in last year’s call, evidence of the growing momentum in this space. ✅ Milkywire, Frontier, and Microsoft lead the way as the most active buyers in the ecosystem, purchasing from more suppliers than anyone else. ✅ First buyers matter: Milkywire were the first buyers for: 80% of Direct Air Capture (#DAC) companies 85% of Enhanced Rock Weathering (#ERW) projects 75% of Ocean and River Alkalinity Enhancement suppliers (#OAE) 📊 To date, Milkywire, WRLD Foundation, and Klarna have purchased credits for €6m from 27 suppliers across 9 methods, many of which are shaping the future of carbon removal. 🥅 The goal? Not just offsetting but building a durable carbon removal ecosystem that delivers scalable impact. 🔗 Apply now by January 19th 2025: https://lnkd.in/gTrW4pPN 👏 Shout-out to Robert Höglund und his team for their continuous efforts to scale the Climate Transformation Fund.

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💡 What if waste could treat waste? 💡 Imagine using old landfill waste to clean up the toxic leachate from newer landfills—while generating renewable energy in the process. Sounds innovative, right? That’s exactly what our latest research explores! I’m excited to share our newly published article, "Evaluation of Energy Recovery, Pollutant Removal, and Microbial Dynamics in Aged Refuse Bioreactors for Landfill Leachate Treatment." In this study, we demonstrated how aged refuse—waste from closed landfills—can be repurposed to treat young landfill leachate, offering a sustainable, circular solution to a significant environmental challenge. This work comes at a critical time, as issues like leachate pollution and dumpsites are making headlines. Our findings pave the way for sustainable, scalable solutions to these pressing problems. 🌍 By turning waste into a resource, we’re addressing environmental concerns and advancing the vision of a circular economy where nothing is wasted, and every byproduct finds a new purpose. 📖 Feel free to read the full paper here: https://lnkd.in/eqFE-i-P A heartfelt thanks to my supervisor, Prof. Sivakumar Babu and mentor, Dr.Sughosh, for their incredible support throughout this journey. 🌱As waste continues to accumulate in our cities, it’s time to reimagine waste not as a problem but as an opportunity for resource recovery and environmental remediation. Let’s work together to make waste a part of the solution, not the problem! #CircularEconomy #WasteToEnergy #LeachateTreatment #SustainableWasteManagement #Biogas

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Methane Emissions Research Summary No.18: Charting the Course – Chapter 3: Detection and Quantitative Tracking of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Oil and Natural Gas Supply Chains [National Petroleum Council] Main Takeaways: Emissions measurement and detection is a rapidly evolving space. Improved measurement systems, robust testing capabilities, and evolving use of technologies in regulation and policy are identified as necessary actions for their continued advancement. Quantification is still challenging, due to the number of variables and atmospheric conditions. There is an important benefit from additional harmonization of the government’s qualifications of technologies for detection since different parts of the federal and state governments sometimes have different processes. The NPC recommends: 1. DOE- supporting the development and use of emissions detection and quantification technologies. 2. DOE- supporting the development of geographically diverse tech evaluation centers. 3. DOE, others- advance the methods for methane emissions uncertainty. 4. DOE, government- supporting the development of dense networks of meteorological stations. 5. DOE, EPA, government- sponsoring a multistakeholder group to annually provide a report with an updated list of detection and quantification techs for use in the natural gas supply chain. 6. DOE- sponsoring public-private partnerships and making measurements across multiple scales to improve efficiency and transparency. 7. DOE-funding studies that target the improvement of accuracy, availability, and accessibility of publicly available data. 8. DOE-supporting tech innovations to reduce cost and improve the effectiveness of next-generation, low-emitting facilities. 9. EPA- issuing clear guidelines on the criteria for approval of alternative fugitive emissions standards and expeditiously approving alternative techs. 10. NIST, ANSI, API- developing and distributing standards, guidance, and/or recommended practices regarding methane emissions detection, measurement, and quantification, and describing the current readiness of available and relevant techs. 11. Government- developing consistent data interchange formats to promote deployments of advanced techs. 12. DOE- promoting harmonization of reporting methods and measurement approaches to improve efficiency and transparency. 13. DOE, government- supporting the development and use of emissions detection and quantification techs that are accurate, cost-effective, produce actionable information that is internationally harmonized, and can be deployed in different sectors in various climates and topographies. 14. DOE- funding the improvement of site/facility-scale data resources used in the public attribution of emissions sources. 15. DOE, EPA, other agencies- improving the processes for incorporating advanced detection and quantification tech as part of regulatory requirements. #methaneemission #npc #oilandgas #methane #ldar #climate #doe #epa

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Writing a review paper is no easy task—but it's an incredibly valuable exercise! Reviewing fragmented fields helps bring clarity and organization, which are crucial for crafting logical and well structured introductions, formulating strong research questions and hypotheses, and designing robust experiments in future papers. And indeed, "Good writing is clear thinking made visible." ― Bill Wheeler In our recent paper, we explored the use of additives (broadly defined) to enhance the performance of anaerobic digestion. This comprehensive review provides valuable insights for researchers and practitioners alike. You can access the full paper for free here: https://lnkd.in/gffA6pEX A big thanks to the TMU team for leading this important effort! 👏 👏 👏 #AnaerobicDigestion #Additives #Biogas #WasteManagement #Sustainability #RenewableEnergy #ResearchInsights #ReviewPaper

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